For those looking to design or build treatments, several mathematical models are standard:
: Instead of removing energy, they scatter it in multiple directions using geometric surfaces. This breaks up strong "specular" reflections that cause phase smearing and flutter echo. Acoustic Absorbers and Diffusers Theory Design ...
: These use a grid of blocks at different heights to scatter sound both horizontally and vertically, creating a hemispherical pattern. For those looking to design or build treatments,