Demography: The — Study Of Human Population

Most modern demographic analysis is framed by the , which describes the historical shift from high birth and death rates to low ones as societies develop.

: Death rates fall due to better sanitation and medicine, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth. Demography: The Study of Human Population

: The actual reproductive performance of a population. Demographers measure this through the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) —the average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime. Currently, the world is nearing the "replacement level" of 2.1, below which a population eventually begins to shrink. Most modern demographic analysis is framed by the

: Birth rates begin to fall as society urbanizes and education (especially for women) increases. Demographers measure this through the Total Fertility Rate

The structure and evolution of any population are determined by three fundamental variables: