: Edema, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction.
: The study of abnormal cell growth, focusing on the differences between benign and malignant tumors. General and Systemic Pathology
: How cells react to stress through hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia, or undergo death via necrosis or apoptosis. General and Systemic Pathology