: Because thunderstorms are driven by local convective cells, the heavy rain is often concentrated over a small geographic area. One neighborhood may experience a deluge while another nearby remains dry.
: Inside the cloud, turbulent updrafts and downdrafts cause water droplets and ice crystals to collide. This interaction generates static electricity (leading to lightning) and allows droplets to grow rapidly into heavy raindrops or hail. 2. Characteristics of the Rain
Extreme rainfall: how cities are preparing for wetter futures
: It is frequently accompanied by sudden temperature drops (caused by downdrafts), gusty winds, and occasionally hail. 3. Impacts on Infrastructure and Nature
: Modern cities are often unprepared for the sheer volume of water. Extreme rainfall can overwhelm drainage systems, leading to flooded streets and damaged basements.
