Icao - Doc 8168 Vol 2

: Specific rules for straight and turning departures, often requiring minimum climb gradients (typically 3.3%) to clear obstacles.

: Modern criteria for GPS and area navigation, including RNP (Required Navigation Performance) and Baro-VNAV. Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

: Designing for traditional ground-based aids like VOR, NDB, and ILS. : Specific rules for straight and turning departures,

: Grouping aircraft by stall speed to determine specific obstacle clearance altitudes (OCA/H) for each type. Key Technical Components Icao Doc 8168 Vol 2

Volume II is divided into parts that address different navigation technologies and phases of flight:

Procedures for Air Navigation Services (PANS) - Aircraft Operations