: During this time, Kabul was a "Persianized" city, with the walled Qizilbash district of Chendawol serving as a central hub of literacy and administrative power. 2. The Saduza’i and Muhammadza’i Eras (1793–1880)

: By the late 1940s, Kabul was the undisputed cultural and economic heart of the country, acting as a "symbiosis of Central Asian and Indian influences."

: He built the Arg, a massive fortress-palace that remains the seat of Afghan government power.

Kabul’s modern era began when Timur Shah Durrani (son of Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire) moved the capital from Kandahar to Kabul in 1775.

: This period focused on more measured modernization, including the development of Shahr-e Naw (New City) and improved public health infrastructure.