D=TonT×100%cap D equals the fraction with numerator cap T sub o n end-sub and denominator cap T end-fraction cross 100 %

Steps up a lower input voltage to a higher output voltage.

While the pulse width varies, the frequency typically remains constant, often in the kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz) range to minimize the size of passive components.

PWM DC-DC converters are categorized based on their ability to step voltage up or down: