While once thought to be exclusively plant-based, scientists discovered that humans and other mammals produce an version of ouabain.

: Conversely, abnormally high levels of endogenous ouabain are linked to chronic high blood pressure and heart failure.

: It is extracted from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and the bark of the Acocanthera ouabaio tree.

: Produced in the adrenal glands and hypothalamus, it circulates in the blood at very low levels. Levels naturally rise during physical exercise or times of high salt intake. Modern Research & Potential Uses

Na+/K+cap N a raised to the positive power / cap K raised to the positive power

Ouabain’s primary mechanism is its high affinity for the (

: This sodium buildup forces the cell to retain more calcium. In heart muscle cells, this extra calcium strengthens contractions.