On a Windows PC or older Mac, open . On a modern Mac (macOS Catalina or later), open Finder .
Official firmware is hosted on Apple's servers, but third-party repositories provide organized direct links:
: Another repository for downloading original ROMs and IPSW files. Installation Methods
: A popular resource for finding the specific version for your model (Wi-Fi, GSM, or CDMA).
: Software like 3uTools can automate the download and flashing process for legacy devices. Important Considerations