Death resulted from a combination of factors, primarily asphyxiation (suffocation) as the body's weight made breathing increasingly difficult, as well as hypovolemic shock, dehydration, and organ failure.
The Romans did not invent crucifixion but refined it into a tool of state terror to maintain order. The Crucifixion
Crucifixion was an ancient method of capital punishment and torture used primarily by the Persians, Carthaginians, and Romans. It involved binding or nailing a victim to a wooden cross or stake and leaving them to hang until death, which could take anywhere from minutes to several days. Historical & Roman Context Death resulted from a combination of factors, primarily
Victims were often first scourged (flogged) and then forced to carry the crossbeam ( patibulum ) to the execution site. as well as hypovolemic shock
